Natural dyes have been used since ancient times for coloring textiles, cosmetics, and artworks. They are obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. In recent years, natural dyes have gained attention because they are eco-friendly, biodegradable, and safer than synthetic dyes. This review discusses the sources, extraction methods, functional properties, and modern applications of natural dyes. Traditional extraction methods often required more time, water, and chemicals, while modern techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and pressurized-liquid extraction improve dye yield and reduce environmental impact. Natural dyes also possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties due to the presence of compounds like flavonoids, tannins, curcumin, and anthocyanins. These properties make them useful in textiles, food products, cosmetics, and medical applications. Advanced technologies such as nano-encapsulation, enzymatic treatment, and biomordants have improved the stability and performance of natural dyes in modern industries. Although challenges such as color fastness and large-scale production still exist, continued research and innovation are helping natural dyes become a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. The combination of traditional knowledge and modern technology is creating new opportunities for environmentally friendly dye production and applications.

Modern and innovative methods are more superior to traditional natural dye extraction process. Innovative methods are superior because these techniques make feasible to extract dyes from unconventional and previously underutilized sources obtained from agricultural waste such as byproducts from crops, such as fruit peels, seeds, and stems, which were once discarded, are now valuable sources of natural dyes. Species that pose ecological challenges can be repurposed for dye extraction, turning an environmental problem into a resourceful solution. The intersection of tradition and modern technology is driving a renaissance in natural dye production. By leveraging innovative scientific methods, sustainable practices, and digital tools, the industry is overcoming historical limitations and paving the way for a vibrant future. These innovations not only preserve the cultural legacy of natural dyes but also contribute to a more sustainable and ethical global economy.

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